•refrigeration

refrigeration发音

英：[rɪˌfrɪdʒə'reɪʃn]　　美：[rɪˌfrɪdʒə'reɪʃn]

英：　　美：

refrigeration中文意思翻译

n. 冷却, 冷藏, 冷冻

refrigeration词形变化

形容词: refrigerative | 动词现在分词: refrigerating | 动词第三人称单数: refrigerates | 名词: refrigeration | 动词过去式: refrigerated | 动词过去分词: refrigerated |

refrigeration常见例句

1 、Taught in the speciality of Refrigeration &Cryogenics. The professional titles are: associate professor (1985-1992).───1992在西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院制冷与低温工程专业副教授。

2 、Every greenhouse operation can use refrigeration facilities'in many ways.───从事温室生产时，制冷设备用途很广。

3 、The application of waste steam ejecting refrigeration in refinery were introduced with emphasis on types ofrefrigerator, p(?───从制冷机的形式、工艺流程及设备的布置安装方式等方面介绍了乏汽喷射式制冷在炼油厂中的应用。

4 、Reverse Brayton cycles of helium, the primary form of helium refrigeration, are widely used in cryogenic engineering.───在大量的科学研究和低温工程领域中，氦气制冷技术被广泛应用，逆布雷顿制冷循环则是其主要的循环制冷方法。

5 、We'll keep it in our refrigerator until you are discharged.─── 我们会将其保管在医院冷藏室中 直到你出院

6 、There they were: one neat row of thick green bottles, necks staring directly at me, and ice cold from the refrigeration.───它们就在那儿!一排整齐的深绿色瓶子，瓶颈一个挨一个地凝视着我，冰箱里散发出冰冷的气息。

7 、Has the refrigeration to alleviate heat-producing factors, effect of the disintoxicating drainage.───具有清热泻火、解毒排脓之功效。

8 、I have a refrigerator that's only for beer, and a backup refrigerator full of backup beer.─── 我有一个专门放啤酒的冰箱 还有一个专门放备用啤酒的备用冰箱

9 、Heating Refrigeration variety of solutions.───多种供暖制冷的解决方案。

10 、This article combined with the request of technology of production,and made a research of optimization function about refrigeration water system.───介绍了溴化锂吸收式制冷机组停机保养、冷水管理、冷却水管理、溶液管理、溶晶方面的维护和管理经验。

11 、Analysing the failure modes of each component, constructs the fault trees of both CACS and refrigeration system.───在空调系统各组成单元故障模式分析的基础上，分别建立了集中空调系统和制冷系统的故障树。

12 、It can be widely used in industries such as oil, food, refrigeration and nucleates. If the material is changed.───变换材质可广泛使用于石油、化工、制药、食品、制冷及原子能等行业；

13 、SANHUA Refrigeration Industrial Group has acquired Ranco's global four-way reversing valve business of in 2007.───公司还于2007年收购了兰柯全球四通阀业务，销售体系已并入三花制冷产业，但仍拥有独立的生产线及技术研发队伍。

14 、For retail refrigeration, cool storage, food &non - food industries, MAF certified and export industries.───可用在冰箱上冷藏食品，也可用于工业储藏非食品，我们是经管理应用功能认证的出口厂商。

15 、For air conditioning, purification, HVAC, refrigeration and paint technology, the cause and make due diligence.───为空调、净化、暖通、冷冻及烤漆房技术等事业，作出应尽的努力。

16 、Xianlihua Refrigeration Equipment Installation Co., Ltd.───先利华制冷设备安装有限公司。

17 、Solid carbon dioxide has a low temperature, which makes it suitable for refrigeration.───固体二氧化碳的温度很低，这使得它适合于制冷。

18 、Shanghai General Fuji Refrigeration Equipment Co.───上海通用富士冷机有限公司。

19 、What refrigeration did promote was marketing.───冰箱促进了销售。

20 、Nan Ya Wrap has excellent coldresistance and can keep softness even under refrigeration.───南亚保鲜膜具优越之耐寒性，在低温冷藏时仍能保持良好之柔软性。

21 、Every greenhouse operation can use refrigeration facilities in many ways.───从事温室生产时,制冷设备用途很广。

22 、Tilt to have the risk of unhook, the lube of compressor interior flows into refrigeration system likely also, affect refrigeration result.───一倾斜就有脱钩的危险，压缩机内部的润滑油也有可能流入制冷系统，影响制冷效果。

23 、This constant push and pull adjustment for the balance as long as refrigeration cycle continue.───如此不断的进行推拉调整平衡，只要制冷循环继续下去。

24 、Shanghai Jincheng Refrigeration Equipment Co., Ltd.───上海金城制冷设备有限公司。

25 、Great ability that adsorbent adsorb adsorbate was led to evaporation of adsorbate liquid,which adsorption refrigeration cycle are realized.───利用吸附剂对吸附质的强烈吸附能力 ,可以促使吸附质液体蒸发 ,从而实现吸附制冷循环。

26 、Capabilities and management of a refrigeration cooling device.───冷冻制冷设备的功能和管理。

27 、You see why we didn't put him in refrigeration.─── 你知道我们为什么不将他的尸体冷藏吧

28 、Low temperature environment is simulated by using a cascade refrigeration system in the thermal vacuum test facility of spacecraft subassembly.───卫星部组件热真空试验设备制冷系统提供试验设备的冷黑环境。

29 、Fish was considered a poor substitute (probably for good reason, in the days before refrigeration).───他们也很少以鱼代肉（在冰箱发明前，这或许是明智之举）。

30 、Master or Doctor degree on refrigeration &cryogenic engineering field.───制冷以及低温工程专业，硕士以上学历。

31 、Analyzes the two-stage refrigeration dehumidification,also improves the system s flow and configuration.───对两级冷冻除湿过程进行分析,并对系统流程和结构进行改进。

32 、Summer cuttings may also be made, but they do best if defoliated and winterized in a refrigeration for 2-3 weeks before potting.───夏季扦**也可取得,但他们做的最好,如果叶过冬,并在制冷2-3个星期前,灌封.

33 、Analyzed the key function of twain grade condensatial refrigeration facility to the foodstuff's freeze quality?───分析了两级压缩制冷设备对食品冻结质量所起的关键作用。

34 、So in some special refrigeration condition, it can"t be substituted by other refrigeration technology.───因而在一些特殊制冷(热)条件，具有其他制冷形式无法替代的优势。

35 、In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary.───19世纪早期，发明家们关于对冷藏科学至关重要的热物理知识的了解是很浅陋的。

36 、ALEXIS G K,ROGDAKIS E D.A verification study of steam-ejector refrigeration model[J].Appl Therm Eng,2003,23:29-36.───刘志强沈胜强等.喷射器一维设计理论的研究进展[J].热能动力工程,:.

37 、The refrigeration was helpful in the sta-bility of acid value.───冷藏有利于保持酸价稳定性。

38 、Thus finished the intelligent control of the refrigeration system.───从而完成了制冷系统的智能化的控制。

39 、Hongli products are the ideal choice of Chinese refrigeration and air-condition heat exchange industry.───宏力产品是国内制冷、空调换热器行业的理想选择。

40 、but it was refrigerated and fresh as a daisy.─── 还被冷冻起来 十分鲜活

41 、The market of world of deepfreeze refrigeration chance that the company makes is had rate is successive exceed 50% 3 years.───公司制造的冷藏箱制冷机世界市场占有率连续三年超过50%。

42 、The chlorine treating system with Freon refrigeration is introduced,which was imported from a foreign country.───介绍了从国外引进的氟里昂制冷氯气处理系统;

43 、Company mission: apply the refrigeration technology to a wide range of life.───公司使命：致力于制冷技术应用到更广阔的生活领域；

44 、Thermoelectric refrigeration have the particular merits: small bulk, light weight,no yawp and pollution, good security.───利用Peltier和Seebeck效应的热电致冷是将电能转换为热能的过程，它有其它制冷技术难以媲美的优点：体积小；

45 、Recommends calibration methods of types of sensor used in test rig refrigeration and air-condition test rig and the importance to calibrate termly.───介绍制冷空调试验装置中各类型传感器的标定方法及传感器定期标定的必要性。

46 、Refrigeration delayed the softening of the fruit or he observed the softening of iron by heat.───冷藏延缓了水果的软化过程。

47 、I put it back in the refrigerator, you know, to keep it refrigerated.─── 我放回冰箱里了 让它冷藏起来

48 、Bitzer Refrigeration Equipment Co.Ltd.Beijing (BBR) is a joint venture invested by Bitzer International and located in Beijing Tongzhou District.───北京比泽尔制冷设备有限公司是比泽尔集团在北京投资的中德合作公司，位于北京市通州区。

49 、With nearly two decades of experience in China, Carrier is an undi utable leader in the central air-conditioning and refrigeration markets.───凭借在中国20年的发展经验，开利公司是暖通空调和冷冻行业无可争辩的领先者。

50 、The results show that the refrigeration performance of DME is similar to R134a and the coefficient of performance(COP) is higher than the COP of R134a.───分析表明:二甲醚的制冷性能与R134a基本相似,而性能系数(COP)却优于R134a。

51 、The woman is like water, achieve boiling point to need proper time, refrigeration comes down also is.───女人如水，达到沸点需要一定的时间，冷却下来也是。

52 、Workshop of Dalian Sanyo Refrigeration Company Ltd.───大连三洋制冷有限公司生产车间。

53 、Whitmore's Ammonia Compressor Oil is designed primarily for industrial refrigeration systems.───威特魔力氨压缩机油主要设计用于工业冷冻系统。

54 、Parallel major producers of refrigeration units, and assume the whole project a turnkey project.───主要生产并联制冷机组，并承担整个工程的交钥匙工程。

55 、Of has effect of the refrigeration phlegm reduction, the detumescent drainage.───具有清热化痰、消肿排脓之功效。

56 、Has moistens dry areas, the refrigeration, the detumescent effect.───具有润燥、清热、消肿之功效。

57 、Variable refrigeration volume air conditioner (VRV) is widely used recently due to its merits such as effectiveness. comfortably.───变制冷剂流量多联空调系统(简称VRV),由于其舒适、节能、美观等优点,正越来越得到广泛的应用。

58 、University or above major in HVAC, refrigeration, etc.───制冷或其它相关专业本科以上学历;

59 、It includes the designs of hypobaric system, refrigeration system, control system and assisting system.───它包括减压系统设计、制冷系统设计、控制系统设计和辅助系统设计。

60 、Additional, refrigeration effectiveness and last the effect also is to measure freezer energy-saving main factor.───另外，制冷效力和保鲜效果也是衡量冰箱节能与否的重要因素。

61 、The decay of the meat could have been prevented by proper refrigeration.───如果经过适当的冷藏,这些肉本来不至于腐烂掉。

62 、Following pasteurization, the product is filled into containers and placed in refrigeration storage.───在巴氏杀菌之后,产品装入容器内并冷藏。

63 、At airproof-padding have refrigeration system, it can according the temperature of using medium to take heat use cooling water.───密封填料处有冷却系统,可根据用户使用介质的温度,用冷却水带走热量。

64 、Main company business covers in HVAC, industry refrigeration, food, paper maching, water treatment, etc.───公司主要业务涉及暖通空调、工业冷冻、食品饮料、造纸设备、环保水处理等诸多领域。

65 、The refrigerator? I'm in so much pain.─── 打到冰箱上 我太痛苦了

66 、Ningbo Grant Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturing Co., Ltd.───宁波格兰特制冷设备制造有限公司。

67 、This puny refrigerator could not block me.─── 这个微不足道的冰箱都阻止不了我

68 、There's a lost civilization in our refrigerator.─── 我们的冰箱里有一整个文明

69 、Peltier heat is foundation of thermoelectric refrigeration circulation .───分析了热电制冷过程的传热性能，帕尔贴热是热电制冷循环的基础。

70 、The result of the experiment shows that the refrigeration system adopting frequency conversion technology can save energy about 6%.───实验结果表明，在实验工况下，变频制冷系统与定频系统相比能节省6%左右的能耗。

71 、Villa's heating and refrigeration adopted household central air-conditioning.───别墅采暖与制冷采用户式可调式中央空调。

72 、Dorgan , C.B., C.E.Dorgan and S.P.Leight ,“Application Guide for Absorption cooling / Refrigeration using Recovered Heat,”ASHRAE Handbook , 1995.───中华民国行政院劳委会，劳工作业环境空气中有害物容许浓度标准，劳安三字第0920073294号令第三次修正，92年12月31日。

73 、HRAI member companies provide products and services for indoor comfort and essential refrigeration processes.───加拿大供热制冷与空调协会成员公司提供室内舒适与基本制冷处理的产品与服务。

74 、Eastasia Electrical Appliances Refrigeration Equipment Installation Co.───北奥通制冷设备有限公司。

75 、Because once a door cold cloud, compressors is operating dozens more minutes to restore refrigeration temperature.───因为开一次门冷空气散开，压缩机就要多运转数十分钟，才能恢复冷藏温度。

76 、The Stirling engine cycle can also be used "in reverse", to convert rotating motion into a temperature differential (and thus provide refrigeration).───史特灵引擎循环也是可以“反转”的，只要利用温度差异就可以反向旋转(并利用这个反应达到降温)。

77 、Heat transfer enhancement of adsorbent bed is the primary factor to affect solid adsorption refrigeration.───吸附床的传热强化是影响固体吸附式制冷的主要因素。

78 、In the refrigerator, out of the refrigerator.─── 在冰箱里的 不在冰箱里的

79 、Mobil Gargoyle Arctic Oil Series are a group of oils that cover the entire range of refrigeration compressor requirements (except sulfur dioxide).───佳高冷冻机油系列是一组适合各类型制冷剂(除二氧化硫外)之压缩机润滑油。

80 、With the experimental results,analyzes the lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system more comprehensibly.───与实验结果分析相结合,使得对吸收式制冷系统的分析更加全面。

81 、Director of National Teaching Guidance Group in Speciality of Refrigeration and Cryogenics of China.───任全国高等学校制冷与低温专业教学指导小组组长。

82 、The main prevention measures are to strengthen refrigeration and increase the content of manganese to 2%.───主要预防措施是强化冷却和将锰含量提高到2%。

83 、The analyzing of pyroelectric refrigeration in Semiconductor material.───半导体材料热电制冷剖析。

84 、Commercial refrigeration relies on fans to circulate the air within the cabinet.───商用冷藏柜依靠风扇使空气在柜内流通。

85 、High capacity benchtop centrifuge with built-in refrigeration system, Maintenance-free brushless drive motor.───大容量冷冻台式离心机；免维护无碳刷变频电机。

86 、I'm guessing she's been in the refrigerator for a year.─── 我估计她在这个冰箱里有一年了

87 、China Anhui jianghuai Aviation Oxygen Supply and Refrigeration Equipment Company.LTD.───安徽江淮航空供氧制冷设备有限公司。

88 、COM]Shunde Huanan Air-Condition & Refrigeration Industry Co., Ltd.───人均页读数：Page Views per user for [SHENLING.

89 、This paper analyzes the inter-phasing pulse tube refrigeration using the thermodynamic methods.───对内调相型脉管制冷机进行热力学理论分析。

90 、Refrigeration preserves the nutrients and prevents fermentation.───冷藏可保护营养及防止发酵。

History of Refrigeration

For centuries,people have known that the evaporation of water produces a cooling effect. At first, they did not attempt to recognize and understand the phenomenon, but they knew that any portion of the body that became wet felt cold as it dried in the air. At least as early as the second century evaporation was used in Egypt to chill jars of water,and it was employed in ancient India to make ice(Neuberger,1930).（几个世纪以来,人们已经认识到水蒸发可以产生冷却效果｡起初,人们没有试图去认知和理解这种现象,但人们知道身体的任一潮湿部分在空气中晾晒时会有冷的感觉｡至少早在二世纪,蒸发在埃及被用来冷却坛装的水,在古印度被用来制冰(Neuberger,1930)｡）

The first attempts to produce refrigeration mechanically depended on the cooling effects of the evaporation of water. In 1755 William Cullen, a Scottish physician, obtained sufficiently low temperatures for ice making. He accomplished this by reducing the pressure on water in a closed container with an air pump. At a very low pressure the liquid evaporated or boiled at a low temperature. The heat required for a portion of water to change phase from liquid to vapor was taken from the rest of the water, and at least part of the water remaining turned to ice. Since Cullen, many engineers and scientists have created a number of inventions for clarifying the main principles of mechanical refrigeration (Goosman, 1924). In 1834, Jacob Perkins, an American residing in England, constructed and patented a vapor-compression machine with a compressor, a condenser, an evaporator, and a cock between the condenser and the evaporator (Critchell and Raymond, 1912). He made it by evaporating under reduced pressure a volatile fluid obtained by the destructive distillation of India rubber. It was used to produce a small quantity of ice, but not commercially. Growing demand over the 30 years after 1850 brought great inventive accomplishments and progress. New substances, e.g ammonia and carbon dioxide, which were more suitable than water and ether, were made available by Faraday, Thilorier, and others, and they demonstrated that these substances could be liquefied.（机械制冷的第一次尝试依赖于水蒸发产生的冷却效果｡1755年,苏格兰医师William Cullen得到了足够低的温度用于制冰｡他利用一个空气泵来降低一个封闭容器内水面上的压力来达到这个目的｡在相当低的压力下,液体可在低温下蒸发或沸腾｡一部分水从液态到汽态发生相变所需要的热量来自余下的水,至少剩余的部分水会变成冰｡从Cullen开始,许多工程师和科学家创造了大量的发明来阐释机械制冷的原理(Goosman,1924)｡1834年,定居英格兰的美国人Jacob Perkins造出了一台由压缩机､冷凝器､蒸发器和位于冷凝器和蒸发器之间的开关组成的蒸汽压缩式制冷机,并取得了专利(Critchell and Raymond,1912)｡他是通过在减压下蒸发一种易挥发的流体实现的,该流体是通过一种印度橡胶干馏得到的｡它被用于少量冰的生产,但未被商业化｡1850年后30多年的增长需要带来了巨大的创造性的成果和进展｡比水和乙醚更适合的新工质被Faraday,Thilorier等人发现,如氨和二氧化碳,他们证明了这些物质可被液化｡）

The theoretical background required for mechanical refrigeration was provided by Rumford and Davy, who had explained the nature of heat, and by Kelvin, Joule, and Rankine, who were continuing the work begun by Sadi Carnot informulating the science of thermodynamics(Travers,1946). Refrigerating machines appeared between 1850 and 1880, and these could be classified according to substance (refrigerant). Machines using air as a refrigerant were called compressed-air or cold-air machines and played a significant role in refrigeration history.Dr.John Gorrie, an American, developed a real commercial cold-air machine and patented it in England in 1950 and in America in 1951(DOI,1952).（Rumford､Davy､Kelvin､Joule和Rankine提供了机械制冷所需要的理论背景,Rumford和Davy解释了热的本质,Kelvin､Joule和Rankine延续了Sadi Carnot的工作,明确的对热力学进行了阐述(Travers,1946)｡制冷机出现在1850至1880年之间,并可以依据工质(制冷剂)分类｡用空气作为制冷剂的制冷机,称为压缩空气机或冷空气制冷机,并在制冷史上起着重要的作用｡美国人John Gorrie博士,开发了一种真正商用的冷空气制冷机,并于1950年在英格兰,1951年在美国获得专利(DOI,1952)｡）

Refrigerating machines using cold air as a refrigerant were divided into two types, closed cycle and open cycle.In the closed cycle,air confined to the machine at a pressure higher than the atmospheric pressure was utilized repeatedly during the operation. In the open cycle, air was drawn into the machine at atmospheric pressure and when cooled was discharged directly into the space to be refrigerated.In Europe.Dr.Alexander C.Kirk commercially developed a closed cycle refrigerating machine in 1862, and Franz Windhausen invented a closed cycle machine and patented it in America in 1870. The open cycle refrigerating machines theoretically outlined by Kelvin and Rankine in the early 1850s were invented by a Frenchman, Paul Giffard, in 1873 and by Joseph J.Colemanand James Bellin Britain in 1877(Roelker,1906).（用冷空气作制冷剂的制冷机可分为两类:闭合循环和开式循环｡在闭合循环中,进入制冷机的高于大气压的空气在工作中可被重复利用｡在开口循环中,空气在大气压下进入制冷机,被冷却后,直接排放到需要制冷的空间｡在欧洲,1862年Alexander C. Kirk博士开发了一种商业用闭合循环制冷机,Franz Windhausen发明了一种闭合循环制冷机并于1870年在美国获得专利｡在19世纪50年代早期,Kelvin和Rankine在理论上构件了开口循环制冷机的轮廓,法国人Paul Giffard于1873年,Joseph J. Coleman和James Bell在英国于1877年,发明了开口循环制冷机(Roelker,1906)｡）

In 1860, a French engineer, Ferdinand P. Edniond Carre, invented an intermittent crude ammonia absorption apparatus based on the chemical affinity of ammonia for water, which produced ice on a limited scale. Despite its limitations, it represented significant progress.（1860年,法国工程师Ferdin and P .Edniond Carre基于氨和水的化学新和力,发明了一种间歇式氨吸收制冷装置,用于小规模制冰｡尽管具有局限性,但体现了很大的进步｡）

His apparatus had a hand pump and could freeze a small amount of water in about 5 minutes(Goosman, 1924). It was widely used in Paris for a while, but it suffered from a serious disadvantage in that the sulfuric acid quickly became diluted with water and lost its affinity. （他的装置有一个手压泵,能够在大约5分钟内使少量的水结冰(Goosman,1924)｡它在巴黎广泛应用了一段时间,但它有一个严重的缺点,就是硫酸遇水会迅速变稀,失去其亲和力｡）

The real inventor of a small, hand-operated absorption machine was H.A. Fleuss, who designed an effective pump for this machine. A comparatively large-scale ice making absorption unit was constructed in 1878 by F. Windhausen. It operated continuously by drawing water from sulfuric acid with additional heat to increase the affinity(Goosman,1924).（小型手动吸收式制冷机的真正发明者是H.A.Fleuss,他为该制冷机设计了高效的泵｡F.Windhausen于1878年,制成了规模相当大的吸收式制冰机｡它通过加热硫酸的方式提高硫酸的浓度来连续工作(Goosman,1924)｡）

One of the earliest of the vapor-compression machines was invented and patented by an American professor, Alexander C. Twining,in 1853.He established an ice production plant using this system in Cleveland, Ohio and could produce close to a ton per day. After that, a number of other inventors experimented with vapor-compression machines which used ether or its compounds (Woolrich, 1947). In France F.P.E. Carre developed and installed an ether-compression machine, and Charles Tellier (who was a versatile pioneer of mechanical refrigeration) constructed a plant using methyl ether as a refrigerant. In Germany Carl Linde,financed by brewers, established a methyl ether unit in 1874.Just before this Linde had paved the way for great improvements in refrigerating machinery by demonstrating how its thermodynamic efficiency could be calculated and increased (Goosman, 1924). （最早的蒸气压缩式制冷机之一是由美国教授Alexander C. Twining于1853年发明的,并获得专利｡他利用该系统在Cleveland,Ohio建成了一个制冰厂,日产冰量接近1吨｡自那之后,大量的发明家用以醚及其化合物为工质的蒸汽压缩式制冷机进行试验(Woolrich,1947)｡在法国,F.P.E.Carre开发并安装了一台乙醚为工质的压缩式制冷机,Charles Tellier(多才多艺的机械制冷先驱者)用甲醚作为制冷剂构件了一台装置｡在德国Carl Linde,由酿酒者提供资金于1874年建成了一个甲醚制冷装置｡仅仅在此之前,Linde已通过证明如何计算和提高制冷机的热力学效率,为制冷机的巨大发展铺平了道路(Goosman,1924)｡）

Inventors of compression machines also experimented with ammonia, which became the most popular refrigerant and was used widely for many years.In the 1860s Tellier developed an ammonia-compression machine.In 1872 David Boyle made satisfactory equipment for ice making and patented it in 1872 in America.Nevertheless, the most important figure in the development of ammonia-compression machines was Linde, who obtained a patent in 1876 for one which was installed in Trieste brewery the following year. Later, Linde's model became very popular and was considered excellent in its mechanical details (Awberry, 1942). The use of ammonia in the compression refrigerating machines was a significant step forward. In addition to its thermodynamic advantage, the pressures it required were easy to produce, and machines which used it could be small in size. In the late 1860s, P.H. Van der Weyde of Philadelphia got a patent for a compression unit which featured a refrigerant composed of petroleum products (Goosman, 1924). In 1875 R.P. Pictet at the University of Genevaint roduced a compression machine that used sulfuric acid.In 1866 T.S.C.Lowe, an American, developed refrigerating equipment that used carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide compression machines became important, because of the gas's harmlesness, in installations where safety was the primary concern,although they were not used extensively until the 1890s(Awberry,1942). Between 1880 and 1890 ammonia-compression installations became more common. By 1890 mechanical refrigeration had proved to be both practical and economical for the food refrigeration industry.Europeans provided most of the theoretical background for the development of mechanical refrigeration, but Americans participated vigorously in the wide spread inventive activity between 1850 and 1880.（压缩制冷机的发明者们,也曾用最流行的､并被广泛应用多年的制冷剂氨做过试验｡在19世纪60年代,Tellier开发了一台氨压缩制冷机｡在1872年,David Boyle制成了令人满意的制冷装置,并于1872年在美国申请专利｡然而,在氨压缩制冷机的发展过程中最重要的人物是Linde,他于1876年获得专利并在第二年安装在Trieste的酿酒厂｡后来,Linde的模型变的非常流行,从机械方面说它被认为是最完美的(Awberry,1942)｡氨在压缩式制冷机中的应用是重要的进步｡除了其热力学优点外,它所需要的压力容易达到,应用它的机器在体积上可以很小｡在19世纪60年代晚期,费城的P.H.Vander Weyde获得了一项压缩式制冷机的专利,该压缩机的特点是以由石油产品构成的混合物作为制冷剂(Goosman,1924)｡1875年,日内瓦大学的R.P.Pictet引进了一台使用硫酸的压缩式制冷机｡1866年,美国人T.S.C.Lowe开发了使用二氧化碳的制冷装置｡二氧化碳压缩式制冷机,尽管在19世纪90年代以前未得到广泛应用,但因该气体的无害性,它在安全是首要关心问题的安装中变得非常重要(Awberry,1942)｡在1880至1890年间,氨压缩机的安装变得更加普遍｡到1890年,在食品制冷行业机械制冷已被证实是既可行又经济的｡欧洲人为机械制冷的发展提供了大部分的理论背景,而美国人在1850到1880年间却把更多的精力投入到广泛的发明创造活动中｡）

Steady technical progress in the field of mechanical refrigeration marked the years after 1890.Revolutionary changes were not the rule,but many improvements were made,inseveral countries,in the design and construction of refrigerating units, as well as in their basic components,compressors,condensers,and evaporators.（在机械制冷领域,平稳的技术进步是在1890年后｡革命性的变化不是主要的,但在许多国家,制冷装置的设计与构造取得了很大的进步｡它们的基本部件､压缩机､冷凝器和蒸发器也取得了很大的进步｡）

制冷与冷藏技术用英语怎么讲

refrigeration and refrigeration technology 制冷和冷藏技术