1、lateral thinking

lateral thinking发音

英：　　美：

lateral thinking中文意思翻译

横向思维；水平思考

n.水平思考

lateral thinking双语使用场景

1、This problem can be solved only through lateral thinking.───这个问题只能用发散思维来解决.

2、The section on lateral thinking is both fun and frustrating.───关于横向思维的部分即有趣又令人失落。

3、this case, the term "lateral thinking" is not merely a metaphor.───这样，“纵向思维”术语不仅仅是一个比喻。

4、Protecting ships, however, requires lateral thinking.───舰船的保护。 需要横向思维。

5、Even if they are wrong, a little lateral thinking may help shake up the field.───即便他们是错的, 他们的这些横向思考或许能有助于激励这个领域的进步.

6、It focuses on analysis, the lack of comprehensive thinking and lateral thinking ability.───它注重分析, 缺乏综合思考和横向思维能力的培养.

7、Vertical thinking is for using ideas and lateral thinking is for changing them.───纵向思维倾向于利用已有观念而横向思维倾向于改变观念.

lateral thinking相似词语短语

1、lateral line───支线，侧线

2、lateral chains───[生物][化学]侧链

3、lateral chain───[生物][化学]侧链

4、lateral moraine───侧（冰）碛；冰川侧碛

5、lateralising───侧化

6、magical thinking───神奇想法；奇幻思维

7、interlinking───v.互连；连系（interlink的现在分词）

8、lateralizing───v.（大脑）表现偏侧性

9、critical thinking───批判性思维，批判性的思考；批判思考能力，判断思维

2、霍金的简介，中英文对照

斯蒂芬·威廉姆·霍金（Stephen William Hawking）剑桥大学应用数学及理论物理学系教授，当代最重要的广义相对论和宇宙论家，是本世纪享有国际盛誉的伟人之一，被称为在世的最伟大的科学家。生于1942年1月8日的霍金刚好出生于伽利略逝世300周年纪念日之时。70年代他与彭罗斯一道证明了著名的奇性定理，为此他们共同获得了1988年的沃尔夫物理奖。他因此被誉为继爱因斯坦之后世界上最著名的科学思想家和最杰出的理论物理学家。

他还证明了黑洞的面积定理。霍金的生平是非常富有传奇性的，在科学成就上，他是有史以来最杰出的科学家之一。他担任的职务是剑桥大学有史以来最为崇高的教授职务，那是牛顿和狄拉克担任过的卢卡逊数学教授。他拥有几个荣誉学位，是英国皇家学会会员。

他因患“渐冻症”（肌萎缩性侧索硬化症），禁锢在一张轮椅上达40年之久，他却身残志不残，使之化为优势，克服了残废之患而成为国际物理界的超新星。他不能写，甚至口齿不清，但他超越了相对论、量子力学、大爆炸等理论而迈入创造宇宙的“几何之舞”。尽管他那么无助地坐在轮椅上，他的思想却出色地遨游到广袤的时空，解开了宇宙之谜。

霍金的魅力不仅在于他是一个充满传奇色彩的物理天才，也因为他是一个令人折服的生活强者。他不断求索的科学精神和勇敢顽强的人格力量深深地吸引了每一个知道他的人。

斯蒂芬•威廉姆•霍金于1942年1月8日（伽利略逝世300年忌日）生于英格兰牛津。他父母原住在伦敦北部，但在第二次世界大战期间，牛津被认为是一个生 育孩子较安全的地方。他八岁时，他家搬到圣•爱尔本斯，伦敦北面20英里的一 个小镇。十一岁时，史蒂芬到圣•爱尔本斯学校上学，然后上牛津的"大学学院 "（University College)--他父亲上过的学院。虽然他父亲想让他学医，但他却想学数学。而大学学院没开数学专业，所以他选择了学物理。在大学学院学了 三年，没花多大工夫，他被授予自然科学甲等荣誉学位。 然后史蒂芬到康桥做宇宙学研究，那个时候在牛津还没有一个人从事宇宙学研 究。他的导师是丹尼斯•西马，虽然他本希望弗雷德•霍依尔做他的导师的， 费雷德•霍依尔当时正在康桥工作。获得博士学位后，他在刚维尔•塞斯学院先是做助研，后来便做职业研究工作。1973年斯蒂芬离开天文学院来到应用数学和理 论物理系。自1979年，斯蒂芬做"路克斯"数学教授。这个职位是1663年根据莱 佛仁德•亨利•路克斯的遗嘱以路克斯留下的钱作?基金创建的。路克斯曾经是 该大学的英国议员。第一个获得"路克斯"数学教授职位的是依扎克•巴洛， 然后是依扎克•牛顿。 斯蒂芬•霍金一直从事宇宙的基本定律的研究工作。与罗杰•彭罗斯一起，他发现爱因斯坦的广义相对论暗示了空间和时间是从大爆炸奇点处开始而至黑洞结 束。这些结果显示把广义相对论与量子理论结合起来是必要的，这是二十世纪前半世纪的另一个科学发展。他发现的这样一个结合的一个后果是黑洞不应该是完全黑的，黑洞向外辐射，最终蒸发，消失。另一个推测是宇宙在想象的时间里没 有边缘，它是无限的。这将意味着宇宙形成的方式完全是由科学定律决定的。 他发表的著作包括：与G.F.R.艾利斯合着的《时空的大规模结构》，与W.以色 列合着的《广义相对论：爱因斯坦世纪眺望》和与W.以色列合着的《重力300年》 。史蒂芬•霍金有两部畅销书：他的最畅销书--《时间简史》，和后来的《黑 洞、婴儿宇宙及其它》。 霍金教授有十二个荣誉学位。1982年他被授予CBE，1989年获荣誉伙伴称号。 他获得过许多奖励，奖金，奖牌。他是英国皇家学会会员和美国国家科学学会会员。 斯蒂芬•霍金继续把他的家庭生活（他有三个子女和一个孙子女），他的理论物理研究与广泛的旅行和演讲结合起来。

About Stephen - A Brief History of Mine

Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the death of Galileo) in Oxford, England. His parents' house was in north London, but during the second world war Oxford was considered a safer place to have babies. When he was eight, his family moved to St Albans, a town about 20 miles north of London. At eleven Stephen went to St Albans School, and then on to University College, Oxford, his father's old college. Stephen wanted to do Mathematics, although his father would have preferred medicine. Mathematics was not available at University College, so he did Physics instead. After three years and not very much work he was awarded a first class honours degree in Natural Science.

Stephen then went on to Cambridge to do research in Cosmology, there being no-one working in that area in Oxford at the time. His supervisor was Denis Sciama, although he had hoped to get Fred Hoyle who was working in Cambridge. After gaining his Ph.D. he became first a Research Fellow, and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. After leaving the Institute of Astronomy in 1973 Stephen came to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, and since 1979 has held the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. The chair was founded in 1663 with money left in the will of the Reverend Henry Lucas, who had been the Member of Parliament for the University. It was first held by Isaac Barrow, and then in 1663 by Isaac Newton.

Stephen Hawking has worked on the basic laws which govern the universe. With Roger Penrose he showed that Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end in black holes. These results indicated it was necessary to unify General Relativity with Quantum Theory, the other great Scientific development of the first half of the 20th Century. One consequence of such a unification that he discovered was that black holes should not be completely black, but should emit radiation and eventually evaporate and disappear. Another conjecture is that the universe has no edge or boundary in imaginary time. This would imply that the way the universe began was completely determined by the laws of science.

His many publications include The Large Scale Structure of Spacetime with G F R Ellis, General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey, with W Israel, and 300 Years of Gravity, with W Israel. Stephen Hawking has two popular books published; his best seller A Brief History of Time, and his later book, Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays.

Professor Hawking has twelve honorary degrees, was awarded the CBE in 1982, and was made a Companion of Honour in 1989. He is the recipient of many awards, medals and prizes and is a Fellow of The Royal Society and a Member of the US National Academy of Sciences.

Stephen Hawking continues to combine family life (he has three children and one grandchild), and his research into theoretical physics together with an extensive programme of travel and public lectures.